![]() The social relationships around the orphans of Japanese macaques and the adult males' cares. Aging and reproductive performance in langur monkeys ( Presbytis entellus). Reproductive function in aged female chimpanzees. Interindividual distance and influence of dominance on feeding in a natural Japanese macaque troop. Lifetime reproductive success in female Japanese macaques. In: The Monkeys of Arashiyama: 35 Years of Research in Japan and the West, L. Lifespan and reproduction in Japanese macaque females. In: Socioecology and Psychology of Primates, R. Population dynamics of the toque monkey, Macaca sinica. Age-dependent impairments of the rhesus monkey visual and musculoskeletal systems and apparent behavioral consequences. Female age: male preference and reproductive success in primates. Evolution of concealed ovulation in vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops). Similar PRLSs were found in a non-provisioned population of the Japanese macaque of Yakushima Island, and in a wild population of the chimpanzee of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania.Īndelman, S. ![]() In the Arashiyama B troop, PRLS may not be an unusual phenomenon, because, out of the 32 females born from 1954 to 1963, 13 females (41%) survived to the age of 20 yrs and most of them exhibited conspicuous PRLSs. There may be several causes for the lack of reproductive success among old aged females: (1) in spite of ovulation, other physiological functions related to conception may have declined (2) the old aged females may not have been able to maintain pregnancy, and may have aborted or (3) the old aged females may have exhibited estrus without ovulation, and may be considered to have been in menopause. On the other hand, one of the oldest females showed neither estrus nor copulatory behaviors. Since it may take 1.5 years for the last offspring to become able to survive without the mother, 4.5 years may correspond to the “post-reproductive life span (PRLS),” which occupied about 16% of the average span of their lives (27.3 years).ĭuring the PRLSs, the females continued to become estrous and mate with the males for at least several years. The average time lag between the last parturition and the disappearance/death was 6.0 years for the Japanese macaque females that survived at least to the age of 20 years in the Arashiyama B troop.
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